Lumley John L. Engines An Introduction

Cambridge University Press, 1999. — Reprinted 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009. — 268 p. — ISBN: 978-0-521-64277-4, 978-0-521-64489-1.The internal combustion engine that powers the modern automobile has changed very little from its initial design of some eighty years ago. Unlike many high tech advances, engine design still depends on an understanding of basic fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. This text offers a fresh approach to the study of engines, with an emphasis on design and on fluid dynamics. Professor Lumley, a renowned fluid dynamicist, provides a lucid explanation of how air and fuel are mixed, how they get into the engine, what happens to them there, and how they get out again. Particular attention is given to the complex issue of pollution. Every chapter includes numerous illustrations and examples and concludes with homework problems. Examples are taken from the early days of engine design, as well as the latest designs, such as stratified charge gasoline direct injection engines. It is intended that the text be used in conjunction with the Stanford Engine Simulation Program (ESP). This user-friendly, interactive software tool answers a significant need not addressed by other texts on engines. Aimed at undergraduate and first-year graduate students, the book will also appeal to hobbyists and car buffs who will appreciate the wealth of illustrations of classic, racing, and modern engines.DedicationThermodynamic Considerations
The Ideal Otto Cycle
Efficiencies
Air Cycle Efficiency
Real Gas Efficiency
Indicated Efficiency
A More Realistic Cycle
Time Loss
Heat Loss
Exhaust Biowdown Loss
Other Losses
Knocking
Mean Effective Pressures
A Word on Units
Brake Mean Effective Pressure
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
Piston Speed
Specific Power
Stroke/Bore Ratio
Power Equation
Influence on Design
Bmep Again
Some More Thermodynamics
Turbulence and Flow in the Cylinder
Heat Transfer
Chemical Reaction
Stanjan, Espjan and ESP
Heating Values and Enthalpy
Problems
Breathing ExercisesFlow Through the Inlet Valve
The Discharge Coefficient
The Flow Coefficient
The Mach Index and Volumetric Efficiency
Partial Throttle
The XK Engine
Combustion Chamber Shape
Valve Actuation
Valve Timing
Variable Valve Timing
Manifold TuningHelmholtz Resonators
Organ Pipes
What Does ESP Do?
The Exhaust System
Folding the Manifold
Supercharging/TurbochargingCharacteristics of Super/Turbochargers
Thermodynamic Considerations
Turbines
Knock
Intercoolers
Problems
Engine CoolingValve Seat Recession
Heat Transfer in the Cylinder
Conduction in the Solid
Heat Transfer in the Gas
Variation of Part Temperature
Turbulent Velocities
Conclusions Regarding Temperatures
Overall Heat Transfer
The Exhaust Valve
Ceramic Coatings
Problems
Engine Friction Losses
Lubrication
Total Engine Friction
Attribution of Friction Losses
Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Mechanical Efficiency
Inertial Loading
The Piston Ring
Problems
Flow in the CylinderPhases of the Flow
Averaging
A Word About Turbulence
Turbulence Induced by the Inlet Jet
Inducing Swirl and Tumble
Lift Strategies
Port and Valve Configurations
Effect of Compression
Effect on Swirl and Tumble
Effect on Turbulence
Charge Stratification
Squish
Pollution
Atmospheric Chemistry
Chemistry in the Cylinder
Lean Burn
Honda VTEC-E 1.5 L SOHC 16 Valve Four-in-Line
Toyota Carina 4A-ELU 1.6 L DOHC 16 Valve Four-in-Line
Mitsubishi Mirage 4Gl 5MPI-MVV 1.5 LSOHC 12 Valve Four-in-Line
Mazda Surround Combustion 2.0 L DOHC 16 Valve Four-in-Line
Gasoline Direct-Injection Engines
Mitsubishi GDI Engine
Toyota GDI Engine
Problems
Overall Engine PerformanceCarburetion vs. Injection
Fuel Injection
Mixing and Evaporation
Droplet Size
Puddling
Transient Response
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
Power and Torque Curves
Problems
Design ConsiderationsSimilarity Considerations
Inertial Stress
Valve Speed
The MIT Engines
Balance and Vibration
The In-Line Four
The Forces
Moments
Balance Shafts
The Five Cylinder In-Line
Problems
Stanford ESPOutline of the Model
Model Details
Gas Properties
Analysis of the Compression Stages
Ignition Analysis
Analysis of the Burn Stage
Analysis of the Expansion Stage
Analysis of the Gas Exchange Stage
Turbulence Model
ESP Manifold Analysis
Overview
Unsteady One-Dimensional Compressible Flow
The Method of Characteristics
Inlet Manifold Model
Exhaust Manifold Model
ESP Calculations
Program Status