Sarin A. Biodiesel: Production and Properties

RSC Publishing, 2012. 281 p. — ISBN: 978-1-84973-470-7.Written by an accomplished author this book discusses all major aspects on the production and properties of biodiesel, but the main focus is on the two very important properties of oxidative stability and low-temperature flow. Examples of key chapters include: biodiesel properties, fuel specifications, oxidative stability and low-temperature flow properties, engine efficiency and emissions using biodiesel, major sources for biodiesel production, the present state of the biodiesel industry. One additional feature of the book is that it contains a comprehensive section on biodiesel resources. In this section the reader will be directed to fifty Indian unknown plants, that contain more than 30% oil in their seed or fruit. The author discusses in significant detail the statistical relationship between fatty acid compositions and other biodiesel properties. To bring the book to a final conclusion the food versus fuel issue is discussed and possible solutions. The book will be essential reading for chemists, chemical engineers and agricultural scientists working in both industry and academia on the production of biofuels.List of AbbreviationsEnergy Demand
Biodiesel: Green Fuel, Fuel of the Future or Magic Fuel?
When and Who Coined the Term ‘Biodiesel’?Vegetable Oil as a Fuel: Can it be used Directly?
ntroduction
Dilution (Blending)
Micro-emulsification
Pyrolysis (Thermal Cracking)
Biodiesel and its Production: Transesterification
Use of Catalysts in Transesterification
Base Catalysts
Acid Catalysts
Acid–Base Heterogeneous Catalysts
Enzyme Catalysts
Other Methods of Biodiesel Production
BIOX Co-Solvent Method
Non-Catalytic Supercritical Alcohol Transesterification
Catalytic Supercritical Methanol Transesterification
Ultrasound- and Radio-Frequency-Assisted Transesterification
n situ Biodiesel Techniques
Purification of Crude Biodiesel
Water Washing
Dry Washing
Membrane Extraction
Refining Crude Glycerol and the use of Glycerol
nfluence of the Different Parameters on the Biodiesel Production
Molar Ratio of Alcohol to Oil
Reaction Temperature
Water and Free Fatty Acid Content
Catalyst Concentration
Reaction Time
Advantages of BiodieselBiodiesel Properties and Specifications
ntroduction
Oxidation Stability
Limits and Methods
Low-Temperature Flow Properties
Cloud Point
Pour Point
Cold Filter Plugging Point
Low-Temperature Flow Test
Cold Soak Filterability Test
Kinematic Viscosity
Limits and Methods
Sulfated Ash
Limits and Methods
Sulfur
Limits and Methods
Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
Limits and Methods
Flash Point
Limits and Methods
Cetane Number
Limits and Methods
Methanol or Ethanol Content
Limits and Methods
Copper Strip Corrosion
Limits and Methods
Phosphorus Content
Limits and Methods
Conradson Carbon Residue
Limits and Methods
Ester Content
Limit and Method
Distillation Temperature
Limit and Method
Total Contamination
Limit and Method
Water and Sediments
Limits and Methods
Acid Number
Limits and Methods
Free Glycerol
Limits and Methods
Total Glycerin
Limits and Methods
Mono-, Di- and Tri-Glycerides
Limits and Methods
Density
Limit and Method
odine Value
Limit and Method
Linolenic Acid Methyl Ester and Polyunsaturation Content
Limits and Method
Lubricity
Other Biodiesel Standards and LimitsOxidation Stability of Biodiesel
ntroduction
Factors Affecting Biodiesel Stability
The Chemistry of Oxidation
Measurement of Oxidation Stability
Thermal Oxidation Stability
Storage Stability
Monitoring of Biodiesel Stability
scosity
Structure Indices
odine Value
Peroxide Acid Values
Oxidizability
Statistical Relationship between the Oxidation Stability and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Composition
How to Improve the OS of Biodiesel
Use of Antioxidants
Synergistic Effects of Metal Deactivators and Antioxidants on the Oxidation Stability of Metal-Contaminated Biodiesel
Blending of BiodieselsLow-Temperature Flow Properties of Biodiesel
ntroduction
Factors Affecting the Low-Temperature Flow Properties of Biodiesel
Biodiesel Composition
Alcoholic Head-Group
nfluence of Minor Components
Statistical Relationship between Low-Temperature Flow Properties and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Composition
How to Improve the Low-Temperature Flow Properties of Biodiesel
Additives
Removing Solid Precipitates
Feedstock Modification
Biodiesel Modification
Blending of BiodieselsDependence of Other Properties of Biodiesel on Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Composition and Other Factors
ntroduction
Prediction of Viscosity
Prediction of Sulfur Content
Prediction of Flash Point
Prediction of Cetane Number
Prediction of Carbon Residue
Prediction of Distillation Temperature
Prediction of Water Content
RelationshipbetweenFreeGlycerol andPotassiumContents
Prediction of Mono-, Di- and Tri-Glyceride Contents
Prediction of Higher Heating Value
Prediction of Iodine Value
Prediction of Lubricity
Prediction of DensityDiesel Engine Efficiency and Emissions using Biodiesel and its Blends
ntroduction
nfluence of Biodiesel with Other Factors on Diesel Engine Performance and Combustion Characteristics
Contents and Properties of Biodiesel
Engine Load and Speed
njection Timing and Pressure
Additives
Durability Tests of Diesel Engines Operated using Biodiesel and its Blends
nfluence of Biodiesel on Exhaust Emissions from Diesel Engines
culate Matter, Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon Emissions
NOx Emissions
CO2 Emissions
Non-Regulated Emissions
Carbonyl Compounds
Aromatic and Polyaromatic Compounds
Statistical Relationship between Biodiesel Performance and Emission Characteristics with Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Composition
Correlation of Combustion Parameters
Correlation of Performance Parameters
Correlation of Emission ParametersMajor Resources for Biodiesel Production
ntroduction
Non-Edible Oil Resources
Argemone mexicana L.
Azadirachta indica
Calophyllum inophyllum
Carnegiea gigantean
Cerbera odollam
Croton megalocarpus
Datura stramonium L.
Gossypium hirsutum L.
Hevea brasiliensis
Jatropha curcas
Maduca indica
Melia azedarach
Pongamia pinnata
Prunus sibirica L.
Putranjiva roxburghi
Ricinus communis L.
Sapindus mukorossi
Schleichera triguga
Shorea robusta
Simmondsia chinensis
Sterculia striata
Terminalia belerica Roxb.
Thespesia populnea L.
Thevettia peruviana
ernicia montana
Ziziphus mauritiana
Edible Oil Resources
Arachis hypogeal L.
Asclepias syriaca
Balanites aegyptiaca
Brassica carinata
Brassica napus L.
Cocus nucifera
Corylus avellana
Cucumis melo
Elaeis guineensis
Glycine max
Guindilia trinervis
Helianthus annuus
Juglans regia L.
Moringa oleifera
Oryza sativum
Pistacia chinensis
Sesamum indicum L.
Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc.
anthoceras sorbifolia Bunge.
Other Resources
Algae/Microalgae
Animal Fats
Municipal Sewage Sludges
Waste Cooking Oil
Winery Waste (Grape Seeds)
Potential ResourcesPresent State and Policies of the Biodiesel Industry
ntroduction
The European Union
EU Biodiesel Production and Capacity Leaders
The Renewable Energy Directive
Debate of Indirect Land Use Change
Future Plan
The USA
The Energy Policy Act Announced Record Biodiesel Production in 2011
Why Biodiesel Production Slipped in Early 2012
Biodiesel Policy Trends in the USA
Fossil Fuel, GHG Prices and Federal Subsidies
ndia
ndia’s Biodiesel Programme
Study by the Confederation of Indian Industry and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Other Parts of the World
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
Ghana
ndonesia
ran
Malaysia
Peru
Russia
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
etnamThe Food Versus Fuel Issue: Possible Solutions
ntroduction
The Issue
Possible Solutions
Use of Optimum Blend of Biodiesels
Development Of Resources of Biofuels that Require Less Arable Land
Use of Next-Generation Technologies
Appropriate use of Wasteland
Development of Codes of Conduct
Development of Pro-Poor and Environmentally Friendly PoliciesSubject Index