Mukherjee S. The Science of Clays: Applications in Industry, Engineering, and Environment

Capital Publishing Company, 2013. XIX, 335 p. 98 illus., 9 illus. in color. — ISBN: 978-94-007-6682-2 (HB), ISBN: 978-94-007-6683-9 (e-book).This book is an attempt to provide a comprehensive and coherent description of three widely separated aspects of clays: the science of clays; the industrial uses of clays; and the role of clays in the environment. Most of the existing literature lacks such an integrated study and this work endeavours to fill that gap.
An exhaustive account of the science of clays is presented in Part I of the book, which includes the classification, origin and evolution, composition and internal structure, chemical and physical properties of clays; soil mechanics; and analytical techniques for determining clay constituents. Part II provides a comprehensive description of the applications of clays and their derivatives in various industries, while Part III describes the role of clays in the environment; the pollution caused by clay minerals; and the application of clays in order to prevent environmental hazards.
A principal feature of the book is its explanation of how the structure and composition of particular clay types facilitate their specific industrial or environmental applications, thus describing the interrelationship between three widely varying aspects of clay. A number of thought-provoking questions are raised at the end of the work in order to leave readers with a better insight in this regard.ForewordAcknowledgementsClays: Their Formation, Constituents and PropertiesClays and Their Constituents – Definitions and a Brief Overview
Bhaskar Ghosh
Clay: Definition
The Constituents of Clay
Occurrence of Clay Minerals in Nature
Formation of Clay Minerals in Nature
Different Types of Clays
Classification and Composition of Clay ConstituentsClassification of Clay Minerals
Associated Minerals and Phases
Internal Structures of Clay MineralsEffect of Temperature Variation on Cation Exchange Variation
Silicate Class
Subclass Phyllosilicate (Layered/Sheet Silicate)
Internal Structure of Kaolinite Group
Internal Structure of Illite Group
Internal Structure of Smectite Group
Internal Structure of Vermiculite Group
Internal Structure of Palygorskite-Sepiolite Group
Chemical Properties of Clay and Thermodynamic AspectsThermodynamic System
The Parameters Describing Thermodynamics
Physical Properties of Clay and Soil Mechanics
Physical Properties
Soil
Soil Formation
Soil Horizons
Soil Genesis
Soil Mechanics
Atterberg Limits
Plasticity Index
Activity
Analytical Techniques for Clay Studies
Different Analyses and Their Uses
X-Ray Techniques
X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD)
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Electron Microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Applications of Electron Microscopy
Electron Probe Micro Analyser
IR Spectroscopy
Raman Spectroscopic Analysis
Types of Raman Spectroscope
Applications of Raman Spectroscopy
Thermal Analysis
Applications of Thermal AnalysisIndustrial Uses of Clays and ArgilloidsClays: Industrial Applications and Their Determinants Bhaskar Ghosh
Ceramics: Potteries, Refractories and Porcelain
Fillers in Rubber Industries
Fillers and Coatings in Paper Industry
Filters and Absorbents
Drilling Fluids
Traditional and Modern Uses of Ceramics, Glass and Refractories CeramicsProperties of Ceramics
Mechanical Properties
Un-fired and Fired Properties
Optical Properties
Development of Advanced Ceramics Using Modern Techniques
Use of Ceramics
Bioceramics
Classification of Clay-based Ceramics
Ceramic Processing Method GlassGlass Ingredients
Manufacturing of Glass
Mechanical Finishing
Chemical Finishing
Glassmaking in the Laboratory
Properties
Economic Aspects RefractoryClassification of Refractory Materials
Properties of Refractory
General Mode of Manufacture
Clays for Medicines and Fillers
Role of Clay in Medical Science
Adsorptive Properties of Clay Minerals
Usefulness of Clay in Clinical Aspect
Interactions of Clay Minerals with Gastrointestinal Mucus
Medical Care
Clay Minerals in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Main Properties of Clay Minerals Useful in Aesthetic Medicines
Importance of Fillers
Types of Filler
Clay as Filler
Uses of Filler
Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer Industry
Necessity of Soil Conditioner
Activities of Soil Conditioner
Types of Soil Conditioners
Measuring Physical Properties of Soil
Changing Physical Properties of Soil
Fertilizer
Several Functions of Fertilizers
Fertilization of Soils
Types of Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Inorganic Fertilizer
Organic Fertilizer
Negative Environmental Effects
Use of Clays as Drilling Fluids and Filters
Drilling Fluids
Types of Drilling Fluid
Function
Maintain Well-bore Stability
Minimizing Formation Damage
Cool, Lubricate and Support the Bit and Drilling Assembly
Ensure Adequate Formation Evaluation
Control Corrosion (at Acceptable Level)
Facilitate Cementing and Completion
Composition of Drilling Mud
Use of Clays as Filters
Water Filtration for Household Purpose
Large Scale Filtration for Purifying Water
Desalination of Water (in Large Scale)
Use of Bleaching Clays in Processing Edible Oils
Filter Materials for Smoking Items like Cigars
Clays and Associated Materials in Surface Coatings and Pigments
Purpose of Surface Coatings
Chemical Vapour Deposition
Physical Vapour Deposition
Chemical and Electrochemical Techniques
Spraying
Optical Coating
Characteristics of Pigments
Constituents of Pigments
Physical Basis
Manufacturing and Industrial Standards
Attributes of Pigments
Biological Pigments
Using Pigments
Kaolin Clay and Its Features
Some Types of Pigments
Applications of Kaolin Clay
Clays and Associated Minerals in Cement and Plasters
The Evolution of Cement
Early Uses
Modern Cement
Chemistry of Cement
Types of Modern Cement
Cement Manufacturing
Use of Cement
Portland Cement
Portland Cement Blends
Non-Portland Hydraulic Cements
The Setting of Cement
Types of Plasters
Uses of Plaster
Safety Measures in Plastering
Clay and Associated Minerals in Battery Industry
Manganese Mineral
Development of Batteries
Two Types of Batteries
Principle of Operation
Battery Cell Types
Molten Salt Battery
Reserve Battery
Fastest Charging and Largest Batteries
Battery Capacity and Discharging
Battery Chemistry
Home-made Cells
Hazards
Battery Lifetime
Environmental Concerns
Insulators Using ClaysMaterial
Electrical Insulation
Thermal Insulation
Building Insulation
Breakdown
Dielectric Breakdown Property
Design
Physics of Conduction in Solids
Electronic Conduction in Insulator
Uses
Telegraph and Power Transmission Insulators
Insulation of Antennas
Mott Insulator
Topological Insulator
Properties and Applications of Topological Insulator
Applications
Planning
ClimateClays in the EnvironmentBeneficial and Hazardous Aspects of Clays in Nature: A Brief Overview
Bhaskar GhoshActivating and Neutralizing Reactions and Their Controlling Factors
The Role of Clay Minerals in Activating and Neutralizing Reactions
Environmental Degradation by Clays
Environmental Degradation by Clays from Waste Dumps
Clays as Neutralizers against Environmental ProtectionOrigin of Clays
Clay-environment Interaction
Clays and Soil Chemistry
Clays and Landuse Practices
Application of Clays for Removal of Pollutant Ions
Role of Clay to Reduce Organic Pollutants
Role of Pyrophyllite Clay as Neutralizer
Environmental Degradations during Clay Mining and BeneficiationClay Mining and Beneficiation
Environmental Degradations
Environmental and Human Exposure during Clay Mining
Environmental Management in Mines
Case Studies
Environmental Impacts of Clay-related IndustriesBackground of Problems
Environmental Impact of Different Clay-related Industries
Causes for Environmental Impact with Clays
Waste Water Treatment
Application of Clay Derivatives as Pollution-resistants
Recycling of Industrial Waste ProductsGeneration of Waste
Objectives
Recycling
Waste Treatment Processes
Use of Clay in Waste Management
Uses of Clays in Waste Managements: Toxic and Non-toxicWaste Management
Different Types of Clays in Waste Management
Waste Management: Toxic
Waste Management: Non-toxic