Hosford W.F. Mechanical Behavior of Materials

Cambridge University Press, 2005. — 425 p.This text differs from other books on mechanical behavior in several aspects. The treatment of plasticity has greater emphasis on the interrelationship of the flow, effective strain, and effective stress, and their use in conjunction with yield criteria to solve problems. The treatment of defects is new. Schmid's law is generalized for complex stress states. Its use with strains allows for prediction of R values for textures. Another feature is the treatment of lattice rotations and how they lead to deformation textures. Most texts treat only strain relaxation and neglect stress relaxation. The chapter on fracture mechanics includes coverage of Gurney's approach. Most texts omit any coverage of residual stresses. Much of the analysis of particulate composites is new. Few texts include anything on metal forming. Throughout the text, there is more emphasis on quantitative problem solving than in most other texts. The notes at the end of the chapters are included to increase reader interest in the subject.Stress and StrainStress
Sign Convention
Transformation of Axes
Principal Stresses
Mohr’s Stress Circles
Strains
Small Strains
Transformation of Axes
Mohr’s Strain Circles
Force and Moment Balances
Boundary Conditions
Note
ProblemsElasticityIsotropic Elasticity
Variation of Young’s Modulus
Isotropic Thermal Expansion
Anisotropic Elasticity
Orientation Dependence of Elastic Response
Orientation Dependence in Cubic Crystals
Orientation Dependence in Noncubic Crystals
Orientation Dependence in Materials Other Than Single Crystals
Anisotropic Thermal Expansion
NotesProblemsTensile TestingTensile Specimens
Stress–Strain Curves
Ductility
True Stress and Strain
The Bridgman Correction
Temperature Rise
Sheet Anisotropy
Measurement of Force and Strain
Axial Alignment
Special Problems
NotesProblemsOther Tests of Plastic BehaviorCompression Test
Plane-Strain Compression
Plane-Strain Tension
Biaxial Tension (Hydraulic Bulge Test)
Torsion Test
Bend Tests
Hardness Tests
Mutual Indentation Hardness
NoteProblemsStrain-Hardening of MetalsMathematical Approximations
Power-Law Approximation
Necking
Work per Volume
Localization of Strain at Defects
Notes
ProblemsPlasticity TheoryYield Criteria
Tresca Maximum Shear Stress Criterion
Von Mises Criterion
Flow Rules
Principle of Normality
Effective Stress and Effective Strain
Other Isotropic Yield Criteria
Anisotropic Plasticity
Effect of Strain-Hardening on the Yield Locus
NotesProblemsStrain-Rate and Temperature Dependence of Flow StressStrain-Rate Dependence of Flow Stress
Superplasticity
Combined Strain and Strain-Rate Effects
Strain-Rate Sensitivity of bcc Metals
Temperature Dependence
Combined Temperature and Strain-Rate Effects
Hot Working
NotesProblemsSlipSlip Systems
Schmid’s Law
Strains Produced by Slip
Strain-Hardening of fcc Single Crystals
Tensile Deformation of fcc Crystals
Slip in bcc Crystals
Slip in hcp Crystals
Lattice Rotation in Tension
Lattice Rotation in Compression
Texture Formation in Polycrystals
Approximate Calculation of R-Values
NotesProblemsDislocation Geometry and EnergyTheoretical Strength of Crystals
The Nature of Dislocations
Burgers Vectors
Energy of a Screw Dislocation
Reactions between Parallel Dislocations and Frank’s Rule
Stress Fields around Dislocations
Forces on Dislocations
Partial Dislocations in fcc Crystals
Stacking Faults
NotesProblemsDislocation MechanicsFrank–Read Sources
Dislocation Pile-Ups
Cross-Slip
Dislocation Intersections
Climb
NotesProblemsMechanical Twinning and Martensitic ShearFormal Notation
Twinning Shear
Twinning in fcc Metals
Twinning in bcc Metals
Twinning in hcp Metals
Shapes of Twins
Mechanism of Twinning
Martensite Transformation
Shape Memory and Superelasticity
NotesProblemsHardening Mechanisms in MetalsDeformation of Polycrystals
Texture Strengthening
Crystal Structure
Grain Size
Strain-Hardening
Solid-Solution Strengthening
Dispersion Strengthening
Yield Points and Strain-Aging
Dynamic Strain-Aging
Combined Effects
NotesProblemsDuctility and FractureDuctile Fracture
Brittle Fracture
Impact Energy
NotesProblemsFracture MechanicsTheoretical Fracture Strength
Stress Concentration
Griffith Theory
Orowan Theory
Fracture Modes
Irwin’s Fracture Analysis
Plastic Zone Size
Thin Sheets
Temperature and Loading Rate
Metallurgical Variables
Fracture Mechanics in Design
Compact Tensile Specimens
Strain-Energy Release
The J-integral
NotesProblemsAppendix
Size and Shape of the Plastic Zone at a Crack TipViscoelasticityRheological Models
Series Combination of a Spring and Dashpot
Parallel Combination of a Spring and Dashpot
Combined Parallel–Series Model
More Complex Models
Damping
Natural Decay
Elastic Modulus – Relaxed Versus Unrelaxed
Thermoelastic Effect
Snoek Effect in bcc Metals
Other Damping MechanismsNotes
ProblemsCreep and Stress RuptureCreep Mechanisms
Temperature Dependence of Creep
Deformation Mechanism Maps
Cavitation
Rupture Versus Creep
Extrapolation Schemes
Alloys for High-Temperature Use
NotesProblemsFatigueSurface Observations
Nomenclature
S–N Curves
Effect of Mean Stress
The Palmgren–Miner Rule
Stress Concentration
Surfaces
Design Estimates
Metallurgical Variables
Strains to Failure
Crack Propagation
Cyclic Stress–Strain Behavior
Temperature and Cycling Rate Effects
Fatigue of Polymers
Fatigue Testing
Design ConsiderationsNotesProblemsResidual StressesSmall-Scale Stresses
Bauschinger Effect
Nonuniform Cooling
Nonuniform Material
Stresses from Welding
Stresses from Mechanical Working
Consequences of Residual Stresses
Measurement of Residual Stresses
Relief of Residual Stresses
NotesProblemsCeramics and GlassesElastic Properties
Slip Systems
Hardness
Weibull Analysis
Testing
Porosity
High-Temperature Behavior
Fracture Toughness
Toughening of Ceramics
Fatigue
Silicate Glasses
Strength of Glasses
Thermally Induced Stresses
Delayed Fracture
Glassy Metals
NotesProblemsPolymersElastic Behavior
Rubber Elasticity
Damping
Yielding
Effect of Strain Rate
Effect of Pressure
Crazing
Yielding of Fibers in Compression
Fracture
Deformation Mechanism Maps
Shape-Memory EffectNotes
ProblemsCompositesFiber-Reinforced Composites
Elastic Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Volume Fraction of Fibers
Orientation Dependence of Strength
Fiber Length
Failures with Discontinuous Fibers
Failure under Compression
Typical Properties
Particulate Composites
Brick-Wall Model
Lamellar Composites
NotesProblemsMechanical WorkingBulk-Forming Energy Balance
Deformation Zone Geometry
Friction in Bulk Forming
Formability
Deep Drawing
Stamping
NotesProblemsAppendix