Bowles J.E. Foundation Analysis and Design

5th edition. — Singapore: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1997. — 1207 p.This textbook, which is also widely used as a practitioner's reference, includes SOP material but with major emphasis on SOA. The latter is accomplished by including a mix of practice, "how to," and latest suggested design/analysis methodology. This produces a text compatible with the general goals of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and other professional organizations, which have determined that technical graduates have a postgraduate period of only 5 to 7 years before obsolescence becomes a factor in their practice.
This book emphasizes computer methods and the Finite-Element Method (FEM), involving matrix methods given in the previous editions, to reflect the widespread use of the personal computer and of the FEM in practice. Be aware, however, that the finite-element method does not have a unique definition. To some practitioners it is any mathematical representation of the continua (beams, plates, or solids) using discrete (or finite) elements. To other practitioners the FEM definition is reserved only for modeling the soil mass and the interfacing structural elements—sometimes this is called "soil-structure interaction" modeling. In this textbook the former definition is used, for it is the one that is most widely practiced and given in most textbooks devoted solely to the FEM.
This textbook gives sufficient background theory for a FEM model so that the average user should have little difficulty using this method for design/analysis of those types of soil structure interfacings used herein. It does make the modest assumption that most students at the level of this textbook have been exposed to some FEM and matrix methodology in statics; elementary structures; and the required university-level math courses. As a further aid there are computer programs (already compiled on an accompanying diskette) so the user does not have to become involved in FEM programming to use the methodology given.Preface
About the Computer Programs
List of Primary Symbols Used in Text
Introduction
Foundations: Their Importance and Purpose
Foundation Engineering
Foundations: Classifications and Select Definitions
Foundations: General Requirements
Foundations: Additional Considerations
Foundations: Selection of Type
The International System of Units (SI) and the Foot-pound-second (Fps) System
Computational Accuracy versus Design Precision
Computer Programs in Foundation Analysis and Design
Geotechnical and Index Properties: Laboratory Testing; Settlement and Strength CorrelationsFoundation Subsoils
Soil Volume and Density Relationships
Major Factors That Affect the Engineering Properties of Soils
Routine Laboratory Index Soil Tests
Soil Classification Methods in Foundation Design
Soil Material Classification Terms
In Situ Stresses and K_o Conditions
Soil Water; Soil Hydraulics
Consolidation Principles
Shear Strength
Sensitivity and Thixotropy
Stress Paths
Elastic Properties of Soil
Isotropic and Anisotropic Soil Masses
Problems
Exploration, Sampling, and In Situ Soil Measurements
Data Required
Methods of Exploration
Planning the Exploration Program
Soil Boring
Soil Sampling
Underwater Sampling
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
SPT Correlations
Design N Values
Other Penetration Test Methods
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Field Vane Shear Testing (FVST)
The Borehole Shear Test (BST)
The Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT)
The Pressuremeter Test (PMT)
Other Methods for In Situ K_o
Rock Sampling
Groundwater Table (GWT) Location
Number and Depth of Borings
Drilling and/or Exploration of Closed Landfills or Hazardous Waste Sites
The Soil Report
Problems
Bearing Capacity of FoundationsBearing Capacity
Bearing-capacity Equations
Additional Considerations When Using the Bearing-capacity Equations
Bearing-capacity Examples
Footings with Eccentric or Inclined Loadings
Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity
Bearing Capacity for Footings on Layered Soils
Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes
Bearing Capacity from SPT
Bearing Capacity Using the Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Bearing Capacity from Field Load Tests
Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Uplift or Tension Forces
Bearing Capacity Based on Building Codes (Presumptive Pressure)
Safety Factors in Foundation Design
Bearing Capacity of Rock
Problems
Foundation Settlements
The Settlement Problem
Stresses in Soil Mass Due to Footing Pressure
The Boussinesq Method For q_v
Special Loading Cases for Boussinesq Solutions
Westergaard’s Method for Computing Soil Pressures
Immediate Settlement Computations
Rotation of Bases
Immediate Settlements: Other Considerations
Size Effects on Settlements and Bearing Capacity
Alternative Methods of Computing Elastic Settlements
Stresses and Displacements in Layered and Anisotropic Soils
Consolidation Settlements
Reliability of Settlement Computations
Structures on Fills
Structural Tolerance to Settlement and Differential Settlements
General Comments on Settlements
Problems
Improving Site Soils for Foundation UseLightweight and Structural Fills
Compaction
Soil-cement, Lime, and Fly Ash
Precompression to Improve Site Soils
Drainage Using Sand Blankets and Drains
Sand Columns to Increase Soil Stiffness
Stone Columns
Soil-cement Piles/Columns
Jet Grouting
Foundation Grouting and Chemical Stabilization
Vibratory Methods to Increase Soil Density
Use of Geotextiles to Improve Soil
Altering Groundwater Conditions
Problems
Factors to Consider in Foundation Design
Footing Depth and Spacing
Displaced Soil Effects
Net versus Gross Soil Pressure: Design Soil Pressures
Erosion Problems for Structures Adjacent to Flowing Water
Corrosion Protection
Water Table Fluctuation
Foundations in Sand and Silt Deposits
Foundations on Loess and Other Collapsible Soils
Foundations on Unsaturated Soils Subject to Volume Change withnChange in Water Content
Foundations on Clays and Clayey Silts
Foundations on Residual Soils
Foundations on Sanitary Landfill Sites
Frost Depth and Foundations on Permafrost
Environmental Considerations
Problems
Spread Footing Design
Footings: Classification and Purpose
Allowable Soil Pressures in Spread Footing Design
Assumptions Used in Footing Design
Reinforced-concrete Design: USD
Structural Design of Spread Footings
Bearing Plates and Anchor Bolts
Pedestals
Base Plate Design with Overturning Moments
Rectangular Footings
Eccentrically Loaded Spread Footings
Unsymmetrical Footings
Wall Footings and Footings for Residential Construction
Problems
Special Footings and Beams on Elastic FoundationsRectangular Combined Footings
Design of Trapezoid-shaped Footings
Design of Strap (or Cantilever) Footings
Footings for Industrial Equipment
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
Classical Solution of Beam on Elastic Foundation
Finite-element Solution of Beam on Elastic Foundation
Ring Foundations
General Comments on the Finite-element Procedure
Problems
Mat FoundationsTypes of Mat Foundations
Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations
Mat Settlements
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction k_s for Mats and Plates
Design of Mat Foundations
Finite-difference Method for Mats
Finite-element Method for Mat Foundations
The Finite-grid Method (FGM)
Mat Foundation Examples Using the FGM
Mat-superstructure Interaction
Circular Mats or Plates
Boundary Conditions
Problems
Lateral Earth Pressure
The Lateral Earth Pressure Problem
Active Earth Pressure
Passive Earth Pressure
Coulomb Earth Pressure Theory
Rankine Earth Pressures
General Comments About Both Methods
Active and Passive Earth Pressure Using Theory of Plasticity
Earth Pressure on Walls, Soil-tension Effects, Rupture Zone
Reliability of Lateral Earth Pressures
Soil Properties for Lateral Earth Pressure Computations
Earth-pressure Theories in Retaining Wall Problems
Graphical and Computer Solutions for Lateral Earth Pressure
Lateral Pressures by Theory of Elasticity
Other Causes of Lateral Pressure
Lateral Wall Pressure from Earthquakes
Pressures in Silos, Grain Elevators, and Coal Bunkers
Problems
Mechanically Stabilized Earth and Concrete Retaining WallsMechanically Reinforced Earth Walls
Design of Reinforced Earth Walls
Concrete Retaining Walls
Cantilever Retaining Walls
Wall Stability
Wall Joints
Wall Drainage
Soil Properties for Retaining Walls
General Considerations in Concrete Retaining Wall Design
Allowable Bearing Capacity
Wall Settlements
Retaining Walls of Varying Height; Abutments and Wingwalls
Counterfort Retaining Walls
Basement or Foundation Walls; Walls for Residential Construction
Elements of ACI 318- Alternate Design Method
Cantilever Retaining Wall Examples
Problems
Sheet-pile Walls: Cantilevered and AnchoredTypes and Materials Used for Sheetpiling
Soil Properties for Sheet-pile Walls
Stability Numbers for Sheet-pile Walls
Sloping Dredge Line
Finite-element Analysis of Sheet-pile Walls
Finite-element Examples
Anchor Rods, Wales, and Anchorages for Sheetpiling
Overall Wall Stability and Safety Factors
Problems
Walls for Excavations
Construction Excavations
Soil Pressures on Braced Excavation Walls
Conventional Design of Braced Excavation Walls
Estimation of Ground Loss around Excavations
Finite-element Analysis for Braced Excavations
Instability Due to Heave of Bottom of Excavation
Other Causes of Cofferdam Instability
Construction Dewatering
Slurry-wall (or -Trench) Construction
Problems
Cellular Cofferdams
Cellular Cofferdams: Types and Uses
Cell Fill
Stability and Design of Cellular Cofferdams
Bearing Capacity
Cell Settlement
Practical Considerations in Cellular Cofferdam Design
Design of Diaphragm Cofferdam Cell
Circular Cofferdam Design
Cloverleaf Cofferdam Design
Problems
Single Piles – Static Capacity and Lateral Loads; Pile/Pole BucklingTimber Piles
Concrete Piles
Steel Piles
Corrosion of Steel Piles
Soil Properties for Static Pile Capacity
Static Pile Capacity
Ultimate Static Pile Point Capacity
Pile Skin Resistance Capacity
Pile Settlements
Static Pile Capacity: Examples
Piles in Permafrost
Static Pile Capacity Using Load-transfer Load-test Data
Tension Piles – Piles for Resisting Uplift
Laterally Loaded Piles
Laterally Loaded Pile Examples
Buckling of Fully and Partially Embedded Piles and Poles
Problems
Single Piles: Dynamic Analysis, Load Tests
Dynamic Analysis
Pile Driving
The Rational Pile Formula
Other Dynamic Formulas and General Considerations
Reliability of Dynamic Pile-driving Formulas
The Wave Equation
Pile-load Tests
Pile-driving Stresses
General Comments on Pile Driving
Problems
Pile Foundations: Groups
Single Piles versus Pile Groups
Vertically Loaded Pile Groups
Efficiency of Pile Groups
Stresses on Underlying Strata from Piles
Settlements of Pile Groups
Pile Caps
Batter Piles
Negative Skin Friction
Laterally Loaded Pile Groups
Matrix Analysis for Pile Groups
Pile Cap Design by Computer
Problems
Drilled Piers or CaissonsCurrent Construction Methods
When to Use Drilled Piers
Other Practical Considerations for Drilled Piers
Capacity Analysis of Drilled Piers
Settlements of Drilled Piers
Structural Design of Drilled Piers
Drilled Pier Design Examples
Laterally Loaded Drilled Pier Analysis
Drilled Pier Inspection and Load Testing
Problems
Design of Foundations for Vibration ControlsElements of Vibration Theory
The General Case of a Vibrating Base
Soil Springs and Damping Constants
Soil Properties for Dynamic Base Design
Unbalanced Machine Forces
Dynamic Base Example
Coupled Vibrations
Embedment Effects on Dynamic Base Response
General Considerations in Designing Dynamic Bases
Pile-supported Dynamic Foundations
Problems
Appendix: General Pile-data and Pile Hammer Tables
HP Pile Dimensions and Section Properties
Typical Pile-driving Hammers from Various Sources
Steel Sheetpiling Sections Produced in the United States
Typical Available Steel Pipe Sections Used for Piles and Caisson Shells
Typical Prestressed-concrete Pile Sections – Both Solid and Hollow-core (HC)
References
Author Index
Index