Sulzer Pumps Ltd. Centrifugal Pump Handbook

3rd edition. - Butterworth-Heinemann, 2010. - 294 p. ISBN–13: 978-0-75-068612-9
English Language.Physical principles
Energy conversion in centrifugal pumps
Power, losses and efficiency
Total head of the pump
The total head required by a pumping plant
Cavitation and suction behavior
Physical principles
Net positive suction head (NPSH)
Available plant npsh
Methods of improving suction performance
Cavitation erosion
Model laws and similarity coefficients
Axial thrust
Radial thrust
Rotor dynamics
Behavior of centrifugal pumps in operation
Characteristics of centrifugal pumps
Control of centrifugal pumps
Piping system characteristic
Pump control
Throttling
Starting and stopping pumps
Bypass control
Speed control
Impeller blade adjustment
Pre-rotation control
Cavitation control
Matching characteristics to service data
Reduction of impeller diameter (impeller trimming)
Sharpening of impeller blade trailing edges
Torque/speed curves
Starting torque of centrifugal pumps
Startup (excluding pressure surge)
Startup against closed valve
Startup against closed non-return valve with the discharge valve open
Startup with discharge valve open but no static head
Startup with discharge valve open and pressure pipeline drained
Startup time for a centrifugal pump
Rundown time for a centrifugal pump (disregarding the pressure surge)
Pumping special liquids
Viscous liquids
Viscosity definitions
Pumping viscous liquids
Simplified instructions for determining pump performance on a viscous liquid when performance on water is known
Gas/liquid mixtures
Pumping hydrocarbons
Influence on suction capacity (NPSH)
Handling solid-liquid mixtures with centrifugal pumps
Minimum flow rate
Determining the minimum flow rate
Admissible temperature rise
Poor hydraulic behavior in the part load range
Influence of axial and radial thrust
Acceptance tests with centrifugal pumps
Preliminary remarks
Pump tests
Acceptance rules
Comparison of ISO, API 610 and hydraulic institute standards with regard to guarantee points and measuring uncertainties
Test beds
Conversion of test results
Measuring instrument uncertainty
Fulfillment of guarantee
Allowing for the measuring uncertainties in the test evaluation
Fulfilling guarantees with radial, mixed and axial-flow pumps according to iso
Test beds and measuring instruments
Axial thrust measurements
Reasons for measuring the axial thrust
Axial force transducers employed
Radial thrust measurements
Efficiency determination by the thermometric measurements
Methods of measuring temperature
Measuring with sampling probes and quartz thermometer
Measuring the outside pipe temperature
Special data for planning centrifugal pump installations
Intake design for vertical pumps
Flow conditions
Velocity distribution
Plant NPSH
Formation of vortices
Preventing pre-swirl in the pump inlet
Design guidelines
Wet pit installations
Dry pit installation
Guidelines for inlet pipelines
Connection of pipe to suction reservoir
Designing inlet pipelines
Preliminary remarks
Design guidelines
Pressure surges in pipeline systems
Causes of a pressure change
Fundamentals
Calculating the pressure surge
Necessity for pressure surge calculation
Protective measures
Flap hammer
Examples
Guarantee and acceptance test
Monitoring and instrumentation for centrifugal pumps
Noise emission from centrifugal pumps
Basic acoustic terminology
Acoustic quantities
Levels
Frequency spectrum
Weighting curves
Summation of sound levels
Correlation between sound power, sound pressure and sound intensity
Origins of noise from pumps
Measuring noise
Sound data from measurements
Methods of abating noise
Pump drive
Structure-borne noise
Piping
Reduced emission from the pump
List of standards and guidelines
Vibration on centrifugal pumpsMeasuring bearing housing and shaft vibration
Vibration limits
Mechanical components
Shaft couplings
Bearings
Rolling contact bearings
Sliding contact bearings
Hydrostatic radial and thrust bearings
Seals
Pipe forces
Pipelines, valves and flanges
Pressure losses
Pipeline networks
Series and parallel operation of pumps
Establishing pressure loss curves
Pipelines in general
Selection of the pipe inside diameter
Approximate values for flow velocities in pipelines upstream and downstream of the pump
Calculating pressure losses in straight pipelines
Pressure losses in branch loops
Pressure losses in bends
Pressure losses for pipe intakes
Pressure losses due to changes in cross-section
Pressure losses in valves
Pipe dimensionsCentrifugal pump drives
Electric motors
Characteristics of the various electric motors
Three-phase motors
General
Applications for three-phase asynchronous squirrel-cage motors
Applications for three-phase asynchronous motors with slip-ring rotors
Applications for three-phase synchronous motors
Boundary conditions affecting motor sizing
Requirements imposed by the centrifugal pump on the motor
Ambient conditions
Grid connection details
Special specifications
Starting characteristics
General
Starting characteristics of three-phase squirrel-cage motors
Starting characteristics of three-phase slip-ring induction motors
Starting characteristics of three-phase synchronous motors
Possible starting procedures
General
Starting three-phase squirrel-cage motors
Starting three-phase slip-ring induction motors
Starting three-phase synchronous motors
Choice of starting method for three-phase motors
General
Proven starting methods for squirrel-cage and synchronous motors
Comparison of various starting methods
Speed control/regulation of three-phase motors
Speed control of three-phase squirrel-cage motors
Speed control of three-phase slip-ring induction motors
Speed control of three-phase synchronous motors
Some features relevant to the choice of induction motors for driving centrifugal pumps
Three-phase current or three-phase network grid
Operating voltages and grid frequencies
Variations of grid voltage at constant grid frequency
Variations of grid frequency at constant grid voltage
Variations of grid voltage and grid frequency occurring simultaneously
Speeds of three-phase motors at frequencies of 50/60 Hz for various numbers of poles
Influence of ambient temperature and location altitude
Insulation classification, operating life of windings
Structural configurations of three-phase motors
Types of protection for three-phase motors according to iec recommendation 34–5 and din 40050
Types of cooling for three-phase motors
Power uptake by three-phase motors
Diesel engines
General
Operating data and operating features
Rotation speed
Power
Conditions for installation
Fuel (diesel oil)
Disposal of exhaust gases
Fresh air requirement
Cooling water requirement
Engine starting methods
Preheating the engine
Noise emission
Torsional vibrations
Gas turbinesThermodynamic principle and features
Working principle
Construction types
Ratings
Fuels
Environmental protection
Noise emission
Exhaust gas emissions
Gas turbine support systems
Starting system
Lubricating oil system
Intake air filtration
Monitoring and control system
Application as pump drive
Pipeline
Injection
Loading stations
Application considerations
Speed converters
Preliminary notes
Variable-speed gearings/speed converters for centrifugal pumps
Hydrodynamic speed converters (also called fluid or hydraulic couplings)
Electromagnetic speed converters
Materials and corrosionFactors affecting corrosion
Thermodynamics of the corrosion process
Kinetics of the corrosion process
Concentration
Temperature
Mass transfer
Potential
Time
General considerations affecting the choice of material
Forms of corrosion
General
Uniform attack
Pitting corrosion
Crevice corrosion
Intercrystalline corrosion
Galvanic corrosion (contact corrosion)
Selective corrosion
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue
Erosion corrosion
Cavitation corrosion
Corrosive properties of liquids being pumped
Corrosion problems in hydraulic machines
Conclusions
Principal features of centrifugal pumps for selected applications
Oil and gas
Injection pumps
Pipeline pumps
Pumps for FPSO
Multiphase pumps
Mechanical design
Hybrid multiphase pumps
Process pumps for refineries and petrochemicals
Refining
Synfuels
Gas processing
Petrochemicals
Nitrogenous fertilizers
Power generation
Boiler feedwater pumps
Feed pumps for fossil-fired power stations
Feed pumps for nuclear power stations
Booster pumps for feed pumps
Condensate pumps
Heater drain pumps (moisture separator drain pumps)
Cooling water pumps
Main reactor coolant pumps and reactor circulating pumps for nuclear power stations
Safety related auxiliary pumps for nuclear power stations
Fossil-fired flue gas and CO₂ scrubber pumps
Water
Water pipeline pumps
Drinking-water supply pumps
Seawater desalination pumps
Irrigation pumps
Drainage pumps
Mine dewatering pumps
Sewage pumps
Pumps for the pulp and paper industry
Pulp production
Paper production
Pumps and mixers for typical applications
Pumps for general industry
Pumps for biofuels
Pumps for the metal refining industry
Pumps for the fertilizer industry
Pumps for the sugar industry