Center for Chemical Process Safety. Guidelines for Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers in Layer of Protection Analysis

New York: American Institute of Chemical Engineers/Wiley, 2015. — 348 p.AudienceScope
Key Changes Since the Initial LOPA Concept Book
Recap of LOPA
Disclaimer
Linkage to Other CCPS Publications
Annotated Description of ChaptersOverview: Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers
LOPA Elements: An Overview
Management Systems to Support LOPA
Scenario Selection
Overview of Scenario Frequency
Overview of Consequences
Risk Considerations
ConclusionsCore Attributes
Introduction to Core Attributes
Independence
Functionality
Integrity
Reliability
Auditability
Access Security
Management of Change
Use of Data TablesExample Initiating Events and IE Frequencies
Overview of Initiating Events
Inherently Safer Design and Initiating Event Frequency
Specific Initiating Events for Use in LOPA
External Events
What if Your Candidate Initiating Event is Not Shown in a Data Table?Example IPLs and PFD Values
Overview of Independent Protection Layers (IPLs)
Specific Independent Protection Layers for Use in LOPA
What if Your Candidate IPL is Not Shown in a Data Table?Advanced LOPA Topics
Purpose
Use of QRA Methods Relative to LOPA
Evaluation of Complex Mitigative IPLsAppendices
Appendix A: Human Factors Considerations
Appendix B: Site-Specific Human Performance Data Collection and Validation
Appendix C: Site-Specific Equipment Data Collection and Validation
Appendix D: Example Reliability Data Conversion for Check Valves
Appendix E: Considerations for Overpressure of Pressure Vessels and Piping