Nathan Andrew J. Peking Politics, 1918-1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism

University of California Press, 1976. — 298 p.Social Sources.
Intellectual Sources.
The Problem of Failure.
Factions Defined.
Structural Characteristics of Factions.
Characteristics of Factional Politics.
Early Republican Factions.
Political Recruitment and “Connections”.
Connections, Factions, and the Failure of Constitutionalism.
Peking’s Role and the Support of the Powers.
Structure of the Peking Government.
The Flavor of Peking Politics.
Government Finance and the Role of the New-Style Banks.
The Election of Parliament.
Parliament on the Eve of the Presidential Election.
A Dark Horse Emerges.
Election of Hsu Shih-ch’ang and Rejection of Ts’ao K’un.
Hsu Shih-ch’ang and the Prospects for Peace.
Factional Alignments North and South.
Hsu’s Peace Offensive.
A New Cabinet and Peace Delegations
Progress at Shanghai
The Anfu Club Counteroffensive
The Peking Government and the Incident of May 4
Tuan Ch’i-jui’s Dilemma
The Outbreak of War
Factionalism and Frustration, 1918-20
Chihli’s Proposal and the Response
The Old Parliament's Agitation for Restoration
The Return of Li Yuan-hung
The Rise and Fall of the “Able Men Cabinet”
A Duel of Wits : Li Versus Ts’ao
Toppling Li Yuan-hung
Ts’ao K’urt Buys the Presidency
Final Disillusionment